diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-api/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidPushService.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-api/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidPushService.java
index 2114106..c5e915d 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-api/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidPushService.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-api/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidPushService.java
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ import com.renkang.emergency.dto.PushBatchSendDTO;
 import com.renkang.emergency.dto.PushFilterDTO;
 import com.renkang.emergency.entity.FirstAidResource;
 
+import java.util.Map;
+
 /**
  * @Description: 急救宣教推送Service
  * @Author: jeecg-boot
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ public interface IFirstAidPushService {
     void send(String resourceId, String orderId);
 
     /**
-     * 批量推送
+     * 批量推送，返回 {total, success, failed} 结构
      */
-    int batchSend(PushBatchSendDTO dto);
+    Map<String, Object> batchSend(PushBatchSendDTO dto);
 }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidPushController.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidPushController.java
index eeedf20..12d2128 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidPushController.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidPushController.java
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@ import org.jeecg.common.aspect.annotation.AutoLog;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;
 
-import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
 
 /**
@@ -81,17 +80,15 @@ public class FirstAidPushController {
      * 一键推送（批量）
      */
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源-批量推送")
-    @Operation(summary = "一键推送", description = "批量推送资源，支持指定ID列表或按筛选条件全量推送")
+    @Operation(summary = "一键推送", description = "批量推送资源，支持指定ID列表或按筛选条件全量推送，返回成功/失败明细")
     @PostMapping(value = "/batchSend")
     public Result<Map<String, Object>> batchSend(@RequestBody PushBatchSendDTO dto) {
         if (dto.getOrderId() == null || dto.getOrderId().isEmpty()) {
             return Result.error("工单ID不能为空");
         }
         try {
-            int count = pushService.batchSend(dto);
-            Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
-            result.put("count", count);
-            return Result.OK("已推送 " + count + " 条", result);
+            Map<String, Object> result = pushService.batchSend(dto);
+            return Result.OK(result);
         } catch (RuntimeException e) {
             return Result.error(e.getMessage());
         }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceCategoryController.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceCategoryController.java
index 29cfd2b..9a27bd8 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceCategoryController.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceCategoryController.java
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ public class FirstAidResourceCategoryController extends JeecgController<FirstAid
         return Result.OK(categoryService.listCategoriesWithTags());
     }
 
-    @Operation(summary = "急救宣教资源分类-根分类列表")
+    @Operation(summary = "急救宣教资源分类-分类列表")
     @GetMapping(value = "/listRoot")
     public Result<List<FirstAidResourceCategory>> listRoot() {
         return Result.OK(categoryService.listRootCategories());
     }
 
-    @Operation(summary = "急救宣教资源分类-子分类列表")
+    @Operation(summary = "急救宣教资源分类-标签列表（按分类）")
     @GetMapping(value = "/listChildren")
     public Result<List<FirstAidResourceCategory>> listChildren(@RequestParam(name = "parentId") String parentId) {
         return Result.OK(categoryService.listChildrenByParentId(parentId));
@@ -128,13 +128,10 @@ public class FirstAidResourceCategoryController extends JeecgController<FirstAid
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源分类-批量删除")
     //@RequiresPermissions("emergency:firstAidCategory:deleteBatch")
     @PostMapping(value = "/deleteBatch")
+    @org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public Result<String> deleteBatch(@RequestBody List<String> ids) {
         for (String id : ids) {
-            try {
-                categoryService.deleteWithCheck(id);
-            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-                return Result.error("ID[" + id + "]：" + e.getMessage());
-            }
+            categoryService.deleteWithCheck(id);
         }
         return Result.OK("批量删除成功!");
     }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceController.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceController.java
index 516e1e0..4d23bfb 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceController.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceController.java
@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
         entity.setStatus(status);
         entity.setTags(tags);
         Page<FirstAidResource> page = new Page<>(pageNo, pageSize);
-        String userId = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId();
+        LoginUser loginUser = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser();
+        String userId = loginUser != null ? loginUser.getId() : null;
         return Result.OK(resourceService.queryPageList(entity, page, userId));
     }
 
@@ -91,7 +92,11 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源-删除")
     @PostMapping(value = "/delete")
     public Result<String> delete(@RequestBody IdDTO dto) {
-        resourceService.removeById(dto.getId());
+        try {
+            resourceService.deleteResource(dto.getId());
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            return Result.error(e.getMessage());
+        }
         return Result.OK("删除成功!");
     }
 
@@ -99,7 +104,11 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源-批量删除")
     @PostMapping(value = "/deleteBatch")
     public Result<String> deleteBatch(@RequestBody List<String> ids) {
-        resourceService.removeByIds(ids);
+        try {
+            resourceService.batchDeleteResources(ids);
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            return Result.error(e.getMessage());
+        }
         return Result.OK("批量删除成功!");
     }
 
@@ -107,7 +116,11 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源-批量发布")
     @PostMapping(value = "/batchPublish")
     public Result<String> batchPublish(@RequestBody List<String> ids) {
-        resourceService.batchPublish(ids);
+        try {
+            resourceService.batchPublish(ids);
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            return Result.error(e.getMessage());
+        }
         return Result.OK("批量发布成功!");
     }
 
@@ -115,7 +128,11 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源-批量下架")
     @PostMapping(value = "/batchTakeDown")
     public Result<String> batchTakeDown(@RequestBody List<String> ids) {
-        resourceService.batchTakeDown(ids);
+        try {
+            resourceService.batchTakeDown(ids);
+        } catch (RuntimeException e) {
+            return Result.error(e.getMessage());
+        }
         return Result.OK("批量下架成功!");
     }
 
@@ -158,7 +175,8 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
     @Operation(summary = "急救宣教资源-通过id查询详情")
     @GetMapping(value = "/queryById")
     public Result<FirstAidResource> queryById(@RequestParam(name = "id") String id) {
-        String userId = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId();
+        LoginUser loginUser = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser();
+        String userId = loginUser != null ? loginUser.getId() : null;
         FirstAidResource entity = resourceService.getDetail(id, userId);
         return entity == null ? Result.error("未找到对应数据") : Result.OK(entity);
     }
@@ -167,7 +185,8 @@ public class FirstAidResourceController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResource
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源-记录阅读")
     @PostMapping(value = "/incrementView")
     public Result<String> incrementView(@RequestBody IdDTO dto) {
-        String userId = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId();
+        LoginUser loginUser = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser();
+        String userId = loginUser != null ? loginUser.getId() : null;
         boolean firstRead = resourceService.incrementViewCount(dto.getId(), userId);
         return firstRead ? Result.OK("阅读记录成功") : Result.OK("已阅读过");
     }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceTagController.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceTagController.java
index 3723283..065bbc0 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceTagController.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/controller/FirstAidResourceTagController.java
@@ -128,13 +128,10 @@ public class FirstAidResourceTagController extends JeecgController<FirstAidResou
     @AutoLog(value = "急救宣教资源标签-批量删除")
     //@RequiresPermissions("emergency:firstAidTag:deleteBatch")
     @PostMapping(value = "/deleteBatch")
+    @org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public Result<String> deleteBatch(@RequestBody List<String> ids) {
         for (String id : ids) {
-            try {
-                categoryService.deleteWithCheck(id);
-            } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-                return Result.error("ID[" + id + "]：" + e.getMessage());
-            }
+            categoryService.deleteWithCheck(id);
         }
         return Result.OK("批量删除成功!");
     }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper.java
index 607c0ea..47244eb 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper.java
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ import java.util.List;
 public interface FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper extends BaseMapper<FirstAidResourceCategory> {
 
     /**
-     * 查询某分类下的子分类/标签数量（级联删除校验用，含TYPE=1子分类和TYPE=2标签）
+     * 查询某分类下的标签数量（级联删除校验用，TYPE=2）
      */
-    @Select("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_CATEGORY WHERE PARENT_ID = #{parentId} AND DEL_FLAG = 0")
+    @Select("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_CATEGORY WHERE PARENT_ID = #{parentId} AND TYPE = 2 AND DEL_FLAG = 0")
     Integer countChildrenByParentId(@Param("parentId") String parentId);
 
     /**
@@ -32,19 +32,13 @@ public interface FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper extends BaseMapper<FirstAidResou
     /**
      * 查询引用某标签的资源数量（标签删除校验用）
      */
-    @Select("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE WHERE DEL_FLAG = 0 AND TAGS LIKE CONCAT('%', #{tagId}, '%')")
+    @Select("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE WHERE DEL_FLAG = 0 AND CONCAT(',', TAGS, ',') LIKE CONCAT('%,', #{tagId}, ',%')")
     Integer countResourcesByTagId(@Param("tagId") String tagId);
 
     /**
-     * 查询所有有效分类和标签（树形组装用，含parentId）
+     * 按父分类ID查询标签列表（TYPE=2）
      */
-    @Select("SELECT * FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_CATEGORY WHERE STATUS = 1 AND DEL_FLAG = 0 ORDER BY TYPE ASC, SORT_NO ASC")
-    List<FirstAidResourceCategory> selectAllCategoriesAndTags();
-
-    /**
-     * 按父ID查询子节点（含子分类TYPE=1和标签TYPE=2）
-     */
-    @Select("SELECT * FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_CATEGORY WHERE PARENT_ID = #{parentId} AND STATUS = 1 AND DEL_FLAG = 0 ORDER BY TYPE ASC, SORT_NO ASC")
+    @Select("SELECT * FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_CATEGORY WHERE PARENT_ID = #{parentId} AND TYPE = 2 AND STATUS = 1 AND DEL_FLAG = 0 ORDER BY SORT_NO ASC")
     List<FirstAidResourceCategory> selectByParentId(@Param("parentId") String parentId);
 
     /**
@@ -63,12 +57,6 @@ public interface FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper extends BaseMapper<FirstAidResou
             "</script>")
     List<FirstAidResourceCategory> selectByTypeAndParent(@Param("type") Integer type, @Param("parentId") String parentId);
 
-    /**
-     * 按父分类ID查询子分类列表（树形结构用）
-     */
-    @Select("SELECT * FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_CATEGORY WHERE PARENT_ID = #{parentId} AND TYPE = 1 AND STATUS = 1 AND DEL_FLAG = 0 ORDER BY SORT_NO ASC")
-    List<FirstAidResourceCategory> selectChildrenByParentId(@Param("parentId") String parentId);
-
     /**
      * 查询所有根分类（PARENT_ID IS NULL）
      */
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceVersionMapper.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceVersionMapper.java
index 1e74488..d028f30 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceVersionMapper.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/mapper/FirstAidResourceVersionMapper.java
@@ -28,4 +28,10 @@ public interface FirstAidResourceVersionMapper extends BaseMapper<FirstAidResour
      */
     @Select("SELECT * FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_VERSION WHERE RESOURCE_ID = #{resourceId} ORDER BY VERSION_NO DESC")
     List<FirstAidResourceVersion> selectByResourceId(@Param("resourceId") String resourceId);
+
+    /**
+     * 查询某资源的所有非当前版本ID（按版本号降序），用于清理旧版本
+     */
+    @Select("SELECT ID FROM QH_EME_FIRST_AID_RESOURCE_VERSION WHERE RESOURCE_ID = #{resourceId} AND IS_CURRENT = 0 ORDER BY VERSION_NO DESC")
+    List<String> selectNonCurrentVersionIds(@Param("resourceId") String resourceId);
 }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceCategoryService.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceCategoryService.java
index 47b6e3f..f098af5 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceCategoryService.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceCategoryService.java
@@ -14,27 +14,17 @@ import java.util.List;
 public interface IFirstAidResourceCategoryService extends IService<FirstAidResourceCategory> {
 
     /**
-     * 查询所有有效分类（扁平，一级分类）
-     */
-    List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listCategories();
-
-    /**
-     * 查询所有分类和标签（扁平，通过parentId组装树）
-     */
-    List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listAllCategoriesAndTags();
-
-    /**
-     * 按父ID查询子节点（含子分类和标签，树形展开用）
+     * 按父分类ID查询标签列表（TYPE=2）
      */
     List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listByParentId(String parentId);
 
     /**
-     * 查询根分类列表（树形结构顶层）
+     * 查询所有分类（扁平，无子分类）
      */
     List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listRootCategories();
 
     /**
-     * 按父分类ID查询子分类
+     * 按父分类ID查询标签（树形展开用）
      */
     List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listChildrenByParentId(String parentId);
 
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceService.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceService.java
index 314a8d5..2af1b00 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceService.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/IFirstAidResourceService.java
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@ public interface IFirstAidResourceService extends IService<FirstAidResource> {
     /** 审核驳回 */
     void reject(String id, String rejectReason);
 
-    /** 批量发布 */
+    /** 批量发布（前置校验：全部审核通过才执行，否则抛异常） */
     void batchPublish(List<String> ids);
 
-    /** 批量下架 */
+    /** 批量下架（前置校验：全部已发布才执行，否则抛异常） */
     void batchTakeDown(List<String> ids);
 
     IPage<FirstAidResource> queryPageList(FirstAidResource resource, Page<FirstAidResource> page, String userId);
@@ -49,6 +49,12 @@ public interface IFirstAidResourceService extends IService<FirstAidResource> {
 
     FirstAidResource getDetail(String id, String userId);
 
+    /** 删除资源（已发布状态不可删除） */
+    void deleteResource(String id);
+
+    /** 批量删除资源（前置校验：全部非已发布才执行，否则抛异常） */
+    void batchDeleteResources(List<String> ids);
+
     /** 批量转换实体为导出VO（含分类、标签翻译） */
     List<FirstAidResourceExportVO> convertToExportVO(List<FirstAidResource> resources);
 }
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidPushServiceImpl.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidPushServiceImpl.java
index 79d2c30..6e9e0c6 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidPushServiceImpl.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidPushServiceImpl.java
@@ -19,10 +19,12 @@ import com.renkang.emergency.mapper.OrderMapper;
 import com.renkang.emergency.service.IFirstAidPushService;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.jeecg.common.constant.CommonConstant;
+import org.jeecg.common.system.vo.LoginUser;
 import org.jeecg.global.GlobalUtils;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.context.annotation.Lazy;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 import java.util.*;
@@ -63,14 +65,22 @@ public class FirstAidPushServiceImpl implements IFirstAidPushService {
         // 查询当前工单已推送的资源ID集合
         Set<String> pushedIds = getPushedResourceIds(orderId);
 
+        // 批量查询分类名称，避免 N+1
+        List<String> categoryIds = result.getRecords().stream()
+                .map(FirstAidResource::getCategoryId)
+                .filter(StrUtil::isNotBlank)
+                .distinct()
+                .collect(Collectors.toList());
+        java.util.Map<String, String> categoryNameMap = CollectionUtil.isEmpty(categoryIds)
+                ? Collections.emptyMap()
+                : categoryMapper.selectBatchIds(categoryIds).stream()
+                        .collect(Collectors.toMap(FirstAidResourceCategory::getId, FirstAidResourceCategory::getName, (a, b) -> a));
+
         // 填充推送状态 + 分类名称
         for (FirstAidResource resource : result.getRecords()) {
             resource.setPushed(pushedIds.contains(resource.getId()));
             if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getCategoryId())) {
-                FirstAidResourceCategory category = categoryMapper.selectById(resource.getCategoryId());
-                if (category != null) {
-                    resource.setCategoryName(category.getName());
-                }
+                resource.setCategoryName(categoryNameMap.get(resource.getCategoryId()));
             }
         }
 
@@ -78,7 +88,7 @@ public class FirstAidPushServiceImpl implements IFirstAidPushService {
     }
 
     @Override
-    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    @Transactional(propagation = Propagation.REQUIRES_NEW, rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public void send(String resourceId, String orderId) {
         // 1. 校验资源
         FirstAidResource resource = resourceMapper.selectById(resourceId);
@@ -108,25 +118,29 @@ public class FirstAidPushServiceImpl implements IFirstAidPushService {
         }
 
         // 4. 保存推送记录
+        LoginUser loginUser = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser();
         FirstAidPushRecord record = new FirstAidPushRecord();
         record.setResourceId(resourceId);
         record.setResourceTitle(resource.getTitle());
         record.setOrderId(orderId);
         record.setTargetUserId(targetUserId);
-        record.setPushBy(GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getRealname());
-        record.setPushById(GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId());
+        if (loginUser != null) {
+            record.setPushBy(loginUser.getRealname());
+            record.setPushById(loginUser.getId());
+        }
         record.setPushTime(new Date());
         pushRecordMapper.insert(record);
 
         // 5. 推送通知（预留，当前记录日志）
         log.info("急救宣教推送: resourceId={}, title={}, orderId={}, targetUserId={}, pushById={}, pushByName={}",
                 resourceId, resource.getTitle(), orderId, targetUserId,
-                GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId(), GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getRealname());
+                loginUser != null ? loginUser.getId() : null,
+                loginUser != null ? loginUser.getRealname() : null);
     }
 
     @Override
     @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
-    public int batchSend(PushBatchSendDTO dto) {
+    public Map<String, Object> batchSend(PushBatchSendDTO dto) {
         List<String> resourceIds = dto.getResourceIds();
 
         // 方式二：按筛选条件查询
@@ -141,7 +155,7 @@ public class FirstAidPushServiceImpl implements IFirstAidPushService {
         }
 
         int successCount = 0;
-        List<String> errors = new ArrayList<>();
+        List<Map<String, String>> errors = new ArrayList<>();
 
         for (String resourceId : resourceIds) {
             try {
@@ -149,19 +163,29 @@ public class FirstAidPushServiceImpl implements IFirstAidPushService {
                 self.send(resourceId, dto.getOrderId());
                 successCount++;
             } catch (RuntimeException e) {
-                errors.add(resourceId + "：" + e.getMessage());
+                Map<String, String> err = new HashMap<>();
+                err.put("resourceId", resourceId);
+                err.put("message", e.getMessage());
+                errors.add(err);
             }
         }
 
         if (!errors.isEmpty()) {
             log.warn("批量推送部分失败: {}/{} 条, 失败原因: {}",
-                    successCount, resourceIds.size(), String.join("; ", errors));
+                    successCount, resourceIds.size(), errors);
         }
 
-        return successCount;
+        Map<String, Object> result = new HashMap<>();
+        result.put("total", resourceIds.size());
+        result.put("success", successCount);
+        result.put("failed", errors);
+        return result;
     }
 
     private Set<String> getPushedResourceIds(String orderId) {
+        if (StrUtil.isBlank(orderId)) {
+            return Collections.emptySet();
+        }
         LambdaQueryWrapper<FirstAidPushRecord> wrapper = new LambdaQueryWrapper<>();
         wrapper.eq(FirstAidPushRecord::getOrderId, orderId)
                .select(FirstAidPushRecord::getResourceId);
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl.java
index 3631c03..594a0dc 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl.java
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package com.renkang.emergency.service.impl;
 
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;
 import com.renkang.emergency.constant.FirstAidConstants;
+import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 import com.renkang.emergency.entity.FirstAidResourceCategory;
 import com.renkang.emergency.mapper.FirstAidResourceCategoryMapper;
 import com.renkang.emergency.mapper.FirstAidResourceMapper;
@@ -26,39 +27,13 @@ public class FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidRes
     @Autowired
     private FirstAidResourceMapper resourceMapper;
 
-    @Override
-    public List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listCategories() {
-        List<FirstAidResourceCategory> list = categoryMapper.selectByType(FirstAidConstants.TYPE_CATEGORY);
-        fillResourceCounts(list);
-        return list;
-    }
-
-    @Override
-    public List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listAllCategoriesAndTags() {
-        List<FirstAidResourceCategory> list = categoryMapper.selectAllCategoriesAndTags();
-        for (FirstAidResourceCategory item : list) {
-            if (FirstAidConstants.TYPE_CATEGORY.equals(item.getType())) {
-                Integer count = resourceMapper.countByCategoryId(item.getId());
-                item.setResourceCount(count != null ? count : 0);
-            } else {
-                Integer count = categoryMapper.countResourcesByTagId(item.getId());
-                item.setResourceCount(count != null ? count : 0);
-            }
-        }
-        return list;
-    }
-
     @Override
     public List<FirstAidResourceCategory> listByParentId(String parentId) {
+        // selectByParentId 仅查 TYPE=2（标签），无子分类
         List<FirstAidResourceCategory> list = categoryMapper.selectByParentId(parentId);
-        for (FirstAidResourceCategory item : list) {
-            if (FirstAidConstants.TYPE_CATEGORY.equals(item.getType())) {
-                Integer count = resourceMapper.countByCategoryId(item.getId());
-                item.setResourceCount(count != null ? count : 0);
-            } else {
-                Integer count = categoryMapper.countResourcesByTagId(item.getId());
-                item.setResourceCount(count != null ? count : 0);
-            }
+        for (FirstAidResourceCategory tag : list) {
+            Integer count = categoryMapper.countResourcesByTagId(tag.getId());
+            tag.setResourceCount(count != null ? count : 0);
         }
         return list;
     }
@@ -117,6 +92,7 @@ public class FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidRes
     }
 
     @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public void deleteWithCheck(String id) {
         FirstAidResourceCategory record = getById(id);
         if (record == null) {
@@ -125,8 +101,8 @@ public class FirstAidResourceCategoryServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidRes
 
         if (FirstAidConstants.TYPE_CATEGORY.equals(record.getType())) {
             // 分类：检查是否有标签
-            Integer childCount = categoryMapper.countChildrenByParentId(id);
-            if (childCount != null && childCount > 0) {
+            Integer tagCount = categoryMapper.countChildrenByParentId(id);
+            if (tagCount != null && tagCount > 0) {
                 throw new RuntimeException("该分类下存在标签，无法删除");
             }
             // 分类：检查是否有资源
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceServiceImpl.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceServiceImpl.java
index e698aa5..b9e4220 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceServiceImpl.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceServiceImpl.java
@@ -17,15 +17,19 @@ import com.renkang.emergency.service.IFirstAidResourceUserActionService;
 import com.renkang.emergency.service.IFirstAidResourceVersionService;
 import com.renkang.emergency.vo.FirstAidResourceExportVO;
 import org.jeecg.common.constant.CommonConstant;
+import org.jeecg.common.system.vo.LoginUser;
 import org.jeecg.global.GlobalUtils;
 import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.Collections;
 import java.util.Date;
+import java.util.HashSet;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 
 /**
@@ -63,6 +67,7 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         }
         resource.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DRAFT);
         resource.setAuditStatus(null);
+        validateResource(resource);
         save(resource);
         // 保存初始版本，标记为当前版本
         versionService.saveVersion(resource.getId(), resource.getTitle(), resource.getContent(), "初始版本", true);
@@ -81,6 +86,7 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         resource.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DRAFT);
         resource.setAuditStatus(null);
         resource.setAuditRejectReason(null);
+        validateResource(resource);
         updateById(resource);
         // 保存编辑后的新内容为当前版本
         versionService.saveVersion(resource.getId(), resource.getTitle(), resource.getContent(), "编辑更新", true);
@@ -103,11 +109,16 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         copy.setContent(source.getContent());
         copy.setCoverImage(source.getCoverImage());
         copy.setFileUrl(source.getFileUrl());
+        copy.setEffectiveTime(source.getEffectiveTime());
+        copy.setExpiryTime(source.getExpiryTime());
         copy.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DRAFT);
         copy.setAuditStatus(null);
         copy.setViewCount(0);
         copy.setFavoriteCount(0);
+        validateResource(copy);
         save(copy);
+        // 保存初始版本
+        versionService.saveVersion(copy.getId(), copy.getTitle(), copy.getContent(), "复制自「" + source.getTitle() + "」", true);
         return copy;
     }
 
@@ -118,6 +129,12 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         if (resource == null) {
             throw new RuntimeException("资源不存在");
         }
+        // 仅草稿或已驳回状态可提交审核
+        if (!FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DRAFT.equals(resource.getStatus())) {
+            if (!FirstAidConstants.AUDIT_STATUS_REJECTED.equals(resource.getAuditStatus())) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("当前状态不可提交审核");
+            }
+        }
         resource.setAuditStatus(FirstAidConstants.AUDIT_STATUS_PENDING);
         resource.setAuditRejectReason(null);
         updateById(resource);
@@ -130,6 +147,9 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         if (resource == null) {
             throw new RuntimeException("资源不存在");
         }
+        if (!FirstAidConstants.STATUS_PUBLISHED.equals(resource.getStatus())) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("仅已发布状态的资源可下架");
+        }
         resource.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DOWN);
         updateById(resource);
     }
@@ -157,8 +177,11 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         }
         resource.setAuditStatus(FirstAidConstants.AUDIT_STATUS_APPROVED);
         resource.setAuditRejectReason(null);
-        resource.setAuditBy(GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getRealname());
-        resource.setAuditById(GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId());
+        LoginUser loginUser = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser();
+        if (loginUser != null) {
+            resource.setAuditBy(loginUser.getRealname());
+            resource.setAuditById(loginUser.getId());
+        }
         resource.setAuditTime(new Date());
         updateById(resource);
         // 记录审核日志
@@ -174,8 +197,11 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         }
         resource.setAuditStatus(FirstAidConstants.AUDIT_STATUS_REJECTED);
         resource.setAuditRejectReason(rejectReason);
-        resource.setAuditBy(GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getRealname());
-        resource.setAuditById(GlobalUtils.getLoginUser().getId());
+        LoginUser loginUser = GlobalUtils.getLoginUser();
+        if (loginUser != null) {
+            resource.setAuditBy(loginUser.getRealname());
+            resource.setAuditById(loginUser.getId());
+        }
         resource.setAuditTime(new Date());
         updateById(resource);
         // 记录审核日志
@@ -185,14 +211,18 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
     @Override
     @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public void batchPublish(List<String> ids) {
+        // 前置校验：全部审核通过才允许批量发布
         for (String id : ids) {
             FirstAidResource resource = getById(id);
             if (resource == null) {
-                continue;
+                throw new RuntimeException("资源[" + id + "]不存在");
             }
             if (!FirstAidConstants.AUDIT_STATUS_APPROVED.equals(resource.getAuditStatus())) {
-                continue;
+                throw new RuntimeException("资源[" + resource.getTitle() + "]尚未通过审核，无法发布");
             }
+        }
+        for (String id : ids) {
+            FirstAidResource resource = getById(id);
             resource.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_PUBLISHED);
             updateById(resource);
         }
@@ -201,12 +231,51 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
     @Override
     @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public void batchTakeDown(List<String> ids) {
+        // 前置校验：全部已发布才允许批量下架
         for (String id : ids) {
             FirstAidResource resource = getById(id);
-            if (resource != null) {
-                resource.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DOWN);
-                updateById(resource);
+            if (resource == null) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("资源[" + id + "]不存在");
             }
+            if (!FirstAidConstants.STATUS_PUBLISHED.equals(resource.getStatus())) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("资源[" + resource.getTitle() + "]非已发布状态，无法下架");
+            }
+        }
+        for (String id : ids) {
+            FirstAidResource resource = getById(id);
+            resource.setStatus(FirstAidConstants.STATUS_DOWN);
+            updateById(resource);
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    public void deleteResource(String id) {
+        FirstAidResource resource = getById(id);
+        if (resource == null) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("资源不存在");
+        }
+        if (FirstAidConstants.STATUS_PUBLISHED.equals(resource.getStatus())) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("已发布的资源不可删除，请先下架");
+        }
+        removeById(id);
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
+    public void batchDeleteResources(List<String> ids) {
+        // 前置校验：全部非已发布才允许删除
+        for (String id : ids) {
+            FirstAidResource resource = getById(id);
+            if (resource == null) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("资源[" + id + "]不存在");
+            }
+            if (FirstAidConstants.STATUS_PUBLISHED.equals(resource.getStatus())) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("资源[" + resource.getTitle() + "]已发布，请先下架再删除");
+            }
+        }
+        for (String id : ids) {
+            removeById(id);
         }
     }
 
@@ -240,12 +309,12 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
                 queryWrapper.eq(FirstAidResource::getAuditStatus, resource.getAuditStatus());
             }
         }
-        // 标签过滤
+        // 标签过滤（边界精确匹配，避免 id=2 误匹配 id=12/22）
         if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getTags())) {
             String[] tagIds = resource.getTags().split(",");
             for (String tagId : tagIds) {
                 if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(tagId)) {
-                    queryWrapper.like(FirstAidResource::getTags, tagId.trim());
+                    queryWrapper.apply("CONCAT(',', TAGS, ',') LIKE CONCAT('%,', {0}, ',%')", tagId.trim());
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -302,22 +371,39 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
                 ? userActionService.getFavoritedResourceIds(userId, resourceIds)
                 : Collections.emptyList();
 
+        // 批量收集所有分类ID和标签ID
+        List<String> allCategoryIds = new ArrayList<>();
         for (FirstAidResource resource : resources) {
             if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getCategoryId())) {
-                FirstAidResourceCategory category = categoryMapper.selectById(resource.getCategoryId());
-                if (category != null) {
-                    resource.setCategoryName(category.getName());
+                allCategoryIds.add(resource.getCategoryId());
+            }
+            if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getTags())) {
+                for (String tagId : resource.getTags().split(",")) {
+                    String trimmed = tagId.trim();
+                    if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(trimmed)) {
+                        allCategoryIds.add(trimmed);
+                    }
                 }
             }
+        }
+        // 批量查询，避免 N+1
+        java.util.Map<String, String> nameMap = CollectionUtil.isEmpty(allCategoryIds)
+                ? Collections.emptyMap()
+                : categoryMapper.selectBatchIds(allCategoryIds).stream()
+                        .collect(Collectors.toMap(FirstAidResourceCategory::getId, FirstAidResourceCategory::getName, (a, b) -> a));
+
+        for (FirstAidResource resource : resources) {
+            if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getCategoryId())) {
+                resource.setCategoryName(nameMap.get(resource.getCategoryId()));
+            }
             if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getTags())) {
                 List<String> tagNames = new ArrayList<>();
-                String[] tagIds = resource.getTags().split(",");
-                for (String tagId : tagIds) {
-                    String trimmedId = tagId.trim();
-                    if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(trimmedId)) {
-                        FirstAidResourceCategory tag = categoryMapper.selectById(trimmedId);
-                        if (tag != null) {
-                            tagNames.add(tag.getName());
+                for (String tagId : resource.getTags().split(",")) {
+                    String trimmed = tagId.trim();
+                    if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(trimmed)) {
+                        String tagName = nameMap.get(trimmed);
+                        if (tagName != null) {
+                            tagNames.add(tagName);
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -327,6 +413,53 @@ public class FirstAidResourceServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceMap
         }
     }
 
+    private static final Set<String> VALID_CONTENT_TYPES = new HashSet<>(Arrays.asList(
+            FirstAidConstants.CONTENT_TYPE_IMAGE_TEXT,
+            FirstAidConstants.CONTENT_TYPE_VIDEO,
+            FirstAidConstants.CONTENT_TYPE_AUDIO,
+            FirstAidConstants.CONTENT_TYPE_PDF
+    ));
+
+    /**
+     * 校验资源的分类和标签引用合法性
+     */
+    private void validateResource(FirstAidResource resource) {
+        // 校验内容类型
+        if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getContentType())
+                && !VALID_CONTENT_TYPES.contains(resource.getContentType())) {
+            throw new RuntimeException("无效的内容类型: " + resource.getContentType());
+        }
+        // 校验分类存在且为分类类型
+        if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getCategoryId())) {
+            FirstAidResourceCategory category = categoryMapper.selectById(resource.getCategoryId());
+            if (category == null || !FirstAidConstants.TYPE_CATEGORY.equals(category.getType())) {
+                throw new RuntimeException("所选分类不存在");
+            }
+        }
+        // 校验标签存在且为标签类型
+        if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(resource.getTags())) {
+            String[] parts = resource.getTags().split(",");
+            Set<String> tagIdSet = new HashSet<>();
+            for (String p : parts) {
+                String trimmed = p.trim();
+                if (StrUtil.isNotBlank(trimmed)) {
+                    tagIdSet.add(trimmed);
+                }
+            }
+            if (CollectionUtil.isNotEmpty(tagIdSet)) {
+                List<FirstAidResourceCategory> tags = categoryMapper.selectBatchIds(new ArrayList<>(tagIdSet));
+                if (tags.size() != tagIdSet.size()) {
+                    throw new RuntimeException("所选标签不存在");
+                }
+                for (FirstAidResourceCategory tag : tags) {
+                    if (!FirstAidConstants.TYPE_TAG.equals(tag.getType())) {
+                        throw new RuntimeException("标签[" + tag.getName() + "]类型不正确");
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     /**
      * 计算导出用的状态文本（审核状态优先于发布状态）
      */
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceUserActionServiceImpl.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceUserActionServiceImpl.java
index af8bd71..e53d373 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceUserActionServiceImpl.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceUserActionServiceImpl.java
@@ -37,23 +37,15 @@ public class FirstAidResourceUserActionServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidR
     @Override
     @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public boolean recordRead(String resourceId, String userId) {
-        // 检查是否已有阅读记录
-        LambdaQueryWrapper<FirstAidResourceUserAction> queryWrapper = new LambdaQueryWrapper<>();
-        queryWrapper.eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getResourceId, resourceId)
-                .eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getUserId, userId)
-                .eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getType, FirstAidConstants.ACTION_TYPE_READ);
-        if (ObjectUtil.isNotNull(getOne(queryWrapper, false))) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        // 插入阅读记录
         FirstAidResourceUserAction action = new FirstAidResourceUserAction();
         action.setResourceId(resourceId);
         action.setUserId(userId);
         action.setType(FirstAidConstants.ACTION_TYPE_READ);
-        save(action);
-
-        // 浏览计数+1
+        try {
+            save(action);
+        } catch (org.springframework.dao.DuplicateKeyException e) {
+            return false; // 已有阅读记录
+        }
         resourceMapper.incrementViewCount(resourceId);
         return true;
     }
@@ -61,27 +53,23 @@ public class FirstAidResourceUserActionServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidR
     @Override
     @Transactional(rollbackFor = Exception.class)
     public boolean toggleFavorite(String resourceId, String userId) {
-        // 查是否已收藏
-        LambdaQueryWrapper<FirstAidResourceUserAction> queryWrapper = new LambdaQueryWrapper<>();
-        queryWrapper.eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getResourceId, resourceId)
-                .eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getUserId, userId)
-                .eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getType, FirstAidConstants.ACTION_TYPE_FAVORITE);
-        FirstAidResourceUserAction existing = getOne(queryWrapper, false);
-
-        if (ObjectUtil.isNotNull(existing)) {
-            // 已收藏 → 取消收藏
-            removeById(existing.getId());
-            resourceMapper.decrementFavoriteCount(resourceId);
-            return false;
-        } else {
-            // 未收藏 → 收藏
-            FirstAidResourceUserAction action = new FirstAidResourceUserAction();
-            action.setResourceId(resourceId);
-            action.setUserId(userId);
-            action.setType(FirstAidConstants.ACTION_TYPE_FAVORITE);
+        FirstAidResourceUserAction action = new FirstAidResourceUserAction();
+        action.setResourceId(resourceId);
+        action.setUserId(userId);
+        action.setType(FirstAidConstants.ACTION_TYPE_FAVORITE);
+        try {
             save(action);
             resourceMapper.incrementFavoriteCount(resourceId);
             return true;
+        } catch (org.springframework.dao.DuplicateKeyException e) {
+            // 已收藏 → 取消收藏
+            LambdaQueryWrapper<FirstAidResourceUserAction> queryWrapper = new LambdaQueryWrapper<>();
+            queryWrapper.eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getResourceId, resourceId)
+                    .eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getUserId, userId)
+                    .eq(FirstAidResourceUserAction::getType, FirstAidConstants.ACTION_TYPE_FAVORITE);
+            remove(queryWrapper);
+            resourceMapper.decrementFavoriteCount(resourceId);
+            return false;
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceVersionServiceImpl.java b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceVersionServiceImpl.java
index ac17f0c..d98a46b 100644
--- a/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceVersionServiceImpl.java
+++ b/health-emergency/health-emergency-biz/src/main/java/com/renkang/emergency/service/impl/FirstAidResourceVersionServiceImpl.java
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.renkang.emergency.service.impl;
 
+import cn.hutool.core.collection.CollUtil;
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.conditions.update.LambdaUpdateWrapper;
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.extension.service.impl.ServiceImpl;
 import com.renkang.emergency.constant.FirstAidConstants;
@@ -23,6 +24,9 @@ import java.util.List;
 @Service
 public class FirstAidResourceVersionServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidResourceVersionMapper, FirstAidResourceVersion> implements IFirstAidResourceVersionService {
 
+    /** 每个资源最多保留的版本数（含当前版本） */
+    private static final int MAX_VERSIONS = 20;
+
     @Autowired
     private FirstAidResourceVersionMapper versionMapper;
 
@@ -52,6 +56,24 @@ public class FirstAidResourceVersionServiceImpl extends ServiceImpl<FirstAidReso
         version.setChangeDescription(changeDescription);
         version.setIsCurrent(isCurrent);
         save(version);
+
+        // 清理超出上限的旧版本（当前版本 + 最近 MAX_VERSIONS-1 条非当前版本，其余删除）
+        cleanOldVersions(resourceId);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 清理超出保留上限的旧版本，保留当前版本 + 最近N条非当前版本
+     */
+    private void cleanOldVersions(String resourceId) {
+        List<String> nonCurrentIds = versionMapper.selectNonCurrentVersionIds(resourceId);
+        if (nonCurrentIds.size() <= MAX_VERSIONS - 1) {
+            return; // 未超上限，无需清理
+        }
+        // 保留最近 MAX_VERSIONS-1 条非当前版本，删除其余
+        List<String> toDelete = nonCurrentIds.subList(MAX_VERSIONS - 1, nonCurrentIds.size());
+        if (CollUtil.isNotEmpty(toDelete)) {
+            removeByIds(toDelete);
+        }
     }
 
     @Override